SDean - ARNOLD TOYNBEE - Synthesis

The Industrial Revolution is the result of the substitution of competition for the medieval regulation which ones control the production and distribution of wealth.
It is not only important for history of England but Europe owes it the growth of two great system to thought:
 Economy Sciences and its antithesis, Socialism.
The landmarks of development of Economic Sciences are connected with the names of great English Economists’ output.
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776): he investigated the causes of wealth. It was production of wealth which interested him. He wanted to increase the riches and power of the Country.
Malthus's Essay on Population (1798): he was interested in causes of poverty and found them in his theory of population.
Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817): he tried to discover the causes/laws of distribution of wealth.
 John Stuart Mill's Principles of Political Economy (1848): he tried to distinguish the cause/laws of production and those of distribution. He studied the ways in which wealth ought to be be distributed.
Competition
Competition is the dominant idea of even of our time. It has often been named struggle for existence.
We must distinguish between struggle for existence and struggle for a particular kind of existence. Without competition no progress would be possible but socialists maintain that this advantage is gained at the expense of an enormous waste of human life and labour: they had that the expense might be avoided by regulation.
A distinction may be:
A.	Competition in production;
B.	Competition in distribution.
Trade Unions try to prevent oppression of the labourers and the driving down their wages.
Legislation regular competition in distribution.
The chief features of Industrial Revolution
The events of leading to Industrial Revolution are:
1.	Rapid growth of population:
A.	Decline in agricultural population (the center density of population has shifted from Midlands to North);
2.	Agrarian Revolution:
Decrease in the rural population was due to:
A.	The distraction of common-field system of cultivation;
B.	The enclosure on the large scale of common and waste lands;
C.	The consolidation of small forms to large.

This changes brought a distinct improvement from an agricultural point of view.
Scientific cultural to the place of unscientific culture
Great agricultural advance: the breed of cattle was improve, rotation of crops introduces, invention of steam-plough.
3.	Revolution in manufactories industries 
Revolution in manufactories industries was due the substitutions of the factories for domestic system. It was the consequence of the mechanical discoveries of the time.
•	Cotton manufacture:
•	Spinning-jenny
•	Water-frame
•	The mule 
•	Steam-engine
•	Power loom
Iron Industry:
•	Invention of smelting by pit-coal 
•	application of steam-engine to blast furnaces.
4.	Expansion of trade 
Expansion of trade was made possible by grade advance of means of communication:
•	System of canals
•	Improvement of roads
•	Construction of turnpike roads 
•	Railroads
5.	Revolution in distribution of wealth
In other agricultural rents rose. The due to money invest in improvements also the fact of enclosure system, the of consolidation of forms and the height of price of corn during the French war.
Conclusion
The situation led to changes in country life:
A new class was bornt  Landlords but the soon they lost most of their wealth during the war.