During the passage between the 19^th century and the 20^th century there was a crisis of traditional values in which the society was based, because they were not credible. Consequently the meaning of existence changed.

In the political aspect there was not faith in the European powers, because after the industrial revolution powers as France, Germany, Japan and the United States had been wealth to the detriment of Britain. That created tension and competition between themselves.

Besides there was religious crisis with Darwin’s Theory of Selection in the 1857. It explains the universe is the product of natural selection and the living creature will survive for ability to adapt to the context. Consequently man did not believe to be generated from God and he did not believe to religious values. Therefore man believed in theirselves.

For example Friedrich Nietzsche wrote God is dead . The title underlines there were not points of reference, because people do not believe to religious values and they do not know in what believe. Therefore they were displaced.

Another discovery is Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, It explains that time and space are not separated and time is simultaneous. Therefore the past, the present and the future coexisted in people’s mind.

In addition the French philosopher Henri Bergson reflected ideas of time. He considered the present as the result of man’s past memory and the expectations of the future.

Therefore in literature, which described a world analogous to life, the plot is reduced to the minimum and the omniscient narrator was substituted by the eclipse of the narrator. As a matter of fact the technique of the shift of the point of view was used. So the narrator can enter in character’s mind in which there is a simultaneous time. Therefore there is not a single point of view. Two narrative technique were adopted: interior monologue and the stream of consciousness. The first consists on a indirect speech in which characters expresses their thoughts and the stream of consciousness expresses thoughts that are in the mind, but they are not organized.

At the end the Viennese psychology Sigmund Freud wrote The Interpretation of Dreams in the 1900 in which he showed three components of human being’s behaviour. The first the instinct is the unconscious part of the mind, the second is Ego a small part in which human being have control and the third the Super Ego is the rational part of man. Another psychologist was Carl Jung said that a basic element of man’s unconscious mind was formed by his racial memory, that is the experience during the evolution. Besides he said certain figures or objects, belonging to the common world, had a symbolic power because people responded instinctively.