It is a dynamic transformation occurred in the economic, social and cultural level.

Europe owes to it the growth of two systems of tought: Economic Science and Socialism. Four great English economists are Adam Smith, Malthus, Ricardo and Jhon Stuart Mill.

Adam Smith wrote the Wealth of Nations in which he analyzes the causes of wealth and he aimed at the substitution of industrial freedom for a system of restriction.

Malthus wrote the Essay of Population in which he directed his inquiries to the causes of poverty.

Ricardo ascertains the laws of the distribution of wealth and analyzes how wealth is distributed under a system of industrial freedom in his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.

Last but not least, in his Principles of Political Economy Mill tries to solve the problem about how wealth ought to be distributed.

Some agricultural changes led to a noticeable decrease in rural population.

The first change was the transformation of the open-fields system of coltivation into private property and private estates.

People had to cope with this situation.

The second cause to this process is the phenomenon of urbanisation linked to enclosures.

When the enclosures were introduced, the farmworkers lost their jobs and had to move from the countryside to the town. They had to change their everyday life. Near the mines new towns and factories had been built where the farm workers could be hired.

Also the substitution of large for small farms reduced the number of farmers so the labourers had not more a land to work and they lost their rights.

These changes bore upone the rural population but they brought improvement from an agricultural point of view.

They brought to a great agricultural advance thanks to the extension of arable cultivation, the possible tillage of inferior soils, the rotation of crops, good farms buildings, the improvement of the breed of cattle, the invention of the steam-plough.

Also in the area of manifacture there were important changes due to the discoveries which brought a significant revolution in the cotton manifacture. There was a transformation from the domestic to the industrial production system thanks to the discovery of the spinning-jenny, the water frame, the self-acting mule, the steam-engine and the power- loom.

Machinery raised the wages of wavers thanks to a great prosperity to the trade.

The introduction of smelting by pit- coal and the application of the steam-engine to blast furnaces were important in the iron industry.

The great andvance made in the means of communication (development of the canal system, the costrution of thousand additional miles of turnpike road, the first railroad built in 1830) brought to the expansion of trade.

This improvement led to the increase in commerce. Merchants collected great numbers of weavers to produce more goods.

The consequenses to the expansion of trade were the alternation of periods of over-production and depression caused by the kind of production on a large scale for a distant market.

There was also an enormous rise in rents and a change in the social classes positions.

While the capitalists made great fortunes, the workmen suffered from the condition of work under the factory system and also for the rise of prices.