Pag. 347 exercise 1
1. The Aesthetic movement began in France, in the last decades of the 19th century;
2. It reflected the sense of frustration and uncertainty of the artists. It reacted against the materialism and the restrictive moral code of the bourgeoisie and his need to re-define the role of art;
3. The Aesthetic movement’s motto was “Art for Art’s sake”;
4. The Aesthete lived leading an unconventional existence, pursuing sensation and excess, and cultivation art and beauty

pag.347 exercise 2

The term “Pre-Raphaelite” came (0) INTO use when young painters William Holman Hunt (1827-1910) and John Everett Millais (1829-1896), criticising the style of Raphel (1) … his followers, reject the academic taste and “classical” doctrines and praised the purity and simplicity of the Italian art of the 13th and 14th centuries.
The movement began, at (2) THE end of the 1840s, (3) AS an attempt to introduce (4) IN visual art, not only the qualities of medieval Italian painting, but a concern with naturalistic accuracy (5) OF detail.
The Pre-Raphaelite painters turned their eyes away (6) FROM the ugly contemporary industrial and urban world, and conceived the creation of beauty as (7) A duty owed to society.
Both a poet and a painter, Dante Gabriel Rossetti was the strongest personality and organiser of the group.
The second phase of Pre-Raphaelitism, (8) WHICH developed from the late 1850s under direction of Rossetti, was Aesthetic Pre-Raphaelitism. It led to William Morris's Arts and Crafts Movement, which advocated the newer use of handicraft and simple decoration in reaction (9) OF industrial machinery and contemporary aesthetic eclecticism.
The firm designed and manufactured in a great variety of media, including stained glass, hand-painted tiles, tapestries and other woven textiles, embroideries, rugs and carpets, as (10) as hand-printed wallpapers and chintzes (11) …. which (12) THE Victorian interiors were furnished.
A father development was the work of the Aesthetes and the Decadents. Rossetti and his follower Edward Burne-Jones (1833-1898) emphasised medieval erotic themes, a combination of realism with elaborate symbolism and pictorial techniques which achieved a dreamy atmosphere.

Pag. 349 exercise 1
1. The message of his work was subversive and potentially “demoralising”.
2. The only way to stop time was art.
3. Life should be lived as a work of art.
4. The writer’s task is to feel sensations, to be attentive to the “attractive”, “the gracious”.

Pag 350 exercise 3
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. C

Pag. 350 exercise 4
1. The origins of the name dandy is uncertain. Eccentricity, defined as taking characteristics such as dress and appearance to extremes, began to be applied generally to human behavior in the 1770s.
2. The dandy–conventionally defined as a strikingly attractive man whose dress is immaculate
3. George Bryan Brummell was the arbiter of men's fashion. He established the mode of dress for men that rejected overly ornate fashions for one of understated, but perfectly fitted and tailored bespoke garments. This look was based on dark coats, full-length trousers rather than knee breeches and stockings, and above all immaculate shirt linen and an elaborately knotted cravat.
4. Dandyism developed at first in England than France and than in a big part of the world like Usa.
5. A dandy is a young, fancy and good looking man, exaggerated but at the sam time refined.
A bohemien is an eccentric and rebel man, proud of his singularity.