PAG 185
exercise 2
During the 18th century, the population from the agricultural and commercial areas of the south shift to the north and midlands.
Workers lodged into small towns, the so-called ‘mushroom towns’.
Because of their cheapness and easy manageable even women and children were increasingly employed.
Long working hours, terrible living condition, lack of public services, and polluted air and water characterized the city environment.
Industrial cities were organized into overcrowded houses built in endless rows.
Disease and heavy drinking to bear the toil caused the life expectancy of the poor inhabitants of industrial cities below 20 years.

exercise 3
How child labour changed the world
Child labor was a crucial ingredient which allowed Britain’s Industrial Revolution (1) to succeed. By the early 19th century, England had (2) more than a million child workers accounting for 15 (3) per cent of the total labor force.
Early factory owners – located in the countryside so that they (4) could exploit power from rivers – found that local labor (5) was scarce and that those agricultural workers (6) who were available were unsuitable for industrial production. They (7) therefore decided to create a new work force composed of children, tailor-made for their factories.
(8) Factory owners were looking for cheap, malleable and fast-learning work forces – and found (9) them ready-made (10) among the children of the urban workhouses. They weren’t paid – simply fed and given dormitory accommodation. The exploitation of children massively increased as newly emerging factory began their operation in the late 18th century.
The use of working-class children to provide much of the labor force for the Industrial Revolution was, (11) however merely an expansion and extension of an already long-established practice of working-class children employed (12) by farmers or artisans.