EX. 1 PAGE 26 THE CONTEXT

1) The extracts cover the time that goes from August the 22^nd to December the 31^st.

2) The plague was particularly severe in August in summer when the illnesses spread out more easily. “This months ends, with great sadness upon the public through the greatness of the plague, everywhere through the Kingdom almost.”

3) The plague diminished in December in winter when the illnesses are limited.

4) The writer was afraid for his family because he said that he had kept long some members of his family at Woolwich, others at Greenwich and maid at London. I think that he didn’t know if they all were alive or dead because he wasn’t with all of them.

5) From the extract the reader can understand that people didn’t want to stay in places contaminated by the plague, they can’t stay near coffins and people was crossed by the greatness of the plague. Every day there were news of plague’s encrease.

 

EX. 1 PAGE 27 THE CONTEXT

1) The fire started on September the 22^nd in 1666 at night near Fish street in London.

2) Fire was favoured by the heat with a long set of faire and warm weather had even ignited the air and prepared the materials to conceive the fire which devoured after an incredible manner houses, furniture and everything.

3)People reacted trying to keep in safe everything they owned and they escape far away from the fire.

4) The writer reveals sadness, fear, terror and stress.

 

EX. 2 PAGE 28 THE COTEXT

1) Deplorable, astonished, despondency

2) Exchange

3) fatal night, universal, conflagration

4) Oh the miserable and calamitous spectacle!

 

 

EX. 1 PAGE 28 THE CONTEXT

1) F

2) F

3) T

4) T

5)F

6) T
7)F
8)F
9)T

EX. 2 PAGE 29 THE CONTEXT

1) reign 11) restore

2) Roses 12) persecuted

3) stability 13) Catholics

4) England 14) caution

5) Supremacy 15) passed

6) Catholicism 16) people

7) abolished 17) enclosure

8) confiscated 18) powerful

9) refused 19) defeated

10) death 20) founded

 

EX. 3 PAGE 29 THE CONTEXT

1) Scotland 12) royal

2) England 13) aristocracy

3) monarch 14) middle classes

4) Parliament 15) army

5) Catholics 16) king

6) believed 17) Commonwealth

7) kings 18) death

8) taxes 19) throne

9) society 20) plague

10) Civil 21) impose

11) Puritan 22) deposed

 

EX. 1 PAGE 78

England might not be happy with the new monarch because king James I summoned the Parliament only to ask for money even if England wasn’t in war and he ruled the country as an absolute monarch causing grate hostility in Parliament.

 

EX. 2 PAGE 78

1) The role of the Parliament was to approve laws, to approve taxes in case of war and to place side by side the monarch.

2) In England there were lots of religious as Protestantism, Catholicism and Puritanism.

3) James I’s financial policy was based on the collection of money even if England wasn’t in war without the approval of the Parliament.

4) King’s interests were witchcraft and the supernatural as black magic.

5) The Pilgrim Fathers were Puritans that in 1620 left England for America because they didn’t want to live in a country that they considered was going to fall into moral decline.

6) In 1605 some radical Catholics plotted to blow up the king in the House of Parliament.

 

EX. 1 PAGE 79

In Italy on the 1^st November we have the Saints’ Day. During this day every family goes to visit its deceased in the graveyards.

 

EX. 2 PAGE 80

1) Guy Fawkes was the man selected to prepare the gunpowder and light the fuse.

2) he organised with his friends to enter under the House of Lords, they introduced barrels into the building without causing suspicion.

3) All seemed to be going according to plan, but then one of the plotters wrote a letter to his brother-in-law warning him not to attend the opening session of the Parliament. The letter was shown to the members of the government and the buildings were searched.

 

EX. 3 PAGE 80

-Death penalty: accuse that imposed to kill a person for strong crimes.

-Sheltering: place where people can hide from someone is searching them.

-Plotters: people that together decide to organise something illegal against the country, policy or economy.

-Gunpowder: powder use in guns to gun.

-Fuse: thing very potent that you use to blow up something.

-Smuggling: illegal commerce of something.

 

EX. 1 PAGE 130

A. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland → 2

B. Puritan leaders → 3

C. the execution of King Charles I, 30^th January 1649 → 4

D. King Charles I on horseback → 1

 

EX. 2 PAGE 130

In the first two imagines King Charles I and Oliver Cromwell are dressed noble clothes because they are represented in official moments and with those looks they want to convey a clear idea of them. They seem to be important and political men, they look like secure men.

In the third imagine the Puritan leaders are dressed with less noble clothes, but at the same time not very poor. This can the visitors make see as they are educated people.

In the last imagine people is dressed as poor people, indeed I think that most of them are poor people or handmade.

 

EX. 4 PAGE 130

1) Charles I succeeded his father James I.

2) He couldn’t avoid direct confrontation with the Puritan party, which had given rise to a social and political movement holding a considerable majority in Parliament.

3) The Puritans were more extreme Protestants who thought the English Reformation hadn’t done enough to reform the doctrines and structure of the Church. They wanted to purify their national Church by eliminating every trace of Catholic influence.

4) Puritans wanted a true balance of power between the king and the Parliament, but Charles I believed he was king by divine right. His reign was therefore troubled by a continuous clash with parliament.

5) The forces were divided into Royalists, who sided with the king, and Parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell. The first part was composed by the lords, the gentry and officials of the Church of England; the second part was composed by London, the ports, the navy, the new gentry ans landowners, artisans and Puritans.

6) The king was taken prisoner in 1647. Cromwell took control of London and expelled or arrested Members of the House of Lords. After Charles I’s execution the monarchy was abolished and the country was ruled as a republic, known as “The Commonwealth”.

 

EX. 5 PAGE 131

1) showed 5) few

2) as 6) had

3) gave 7) failed

4) appointed 8) in spite

 

EX. 1 PAGE 141

Human rights are the fundamental rights that humans have by the fact of being human, and that are neither created by the government nor can be abrogated.

 

EX. 2 PAGE 141

1) To information and education

2)

3) To freedom of religion, conscience and opinion

4) To freedom to press

5) To human dignity

6) To freedom of movement, to career and job freedom

 

EX. 3 PAGE 141

1) The state has the role to protect against violation with individual’s rights their population.

2) human rights born during the fight against absolutism.

3) the most important rights are: to human dignity, to freedom of personality, to equality before the law and to equal rights, to freedom of religion, conscience and opinion, to freedom of press, to information and education, to association and peaceful assembly, to freedom of movement, to career and job freedom, to freedom from interference with the privacy of one’s home, to ownership of property and the right of succession, to freedom to seek asylum and the right to petition, as well as legal rights especially that of freedom from arbitrary arrest.

 

EX. 4 PAGE 142

-Magna Carta: human rights

-Hobbes’ Leviathan: any form of stable society was to be preferred. He described the State of nature in which humans coexisted before the first societies had developed, contrasting this with situation of anarchy which life was “nasty, brutish and short”. If humans wish to live peacefully they must give up most of their natural rights and create moral obligations in order to establish a political and civil society.

-Locke’s Two Treatises on Government: he considered life, freedom and property as being the unchanging natural rights of people. The purpose of all states was the protection of these natural rights.

 

EX. 6 PAGE 142

In Italy these are some of the most important human rights: to human dignity, to freedom of personality, to equality before the law and to equal rights, to freedom of religion, conscience and opinion, to freedom of press, to information and education, to association and peaceful assembly, to freedom of movement, to career and job freedom, to freedom from interference with the privacy of one’s home, to ownership of property and the right of succession, to freedom to seek asylum and the right to petition, as well as legal rights especially that of freedom from arbitrary arrest.

 

EX. 7 PAGE 142

Human rights are denied in some parts of the world, for example Asia and Africa and where poverty is very present (countries in way of develop).

 

Ex.4 PAGE 143
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Today you listen about human rights only when tragedy happen and you can't ignore them: when ships with migrants sink or when bad work condition cause deaths. I think that the main thematic issues that young people could be interested in are express in article number 1 (All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood),article 18 (Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion ), article 19 (Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression ), article 23 ( Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment), article 26 (Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory). To fight the violations of these rights during last years are born many association an example is Amnesty International. It is an independent association that fight rights' violations making appeals and collecting signatures, all the people that collaborate with it are volunteers that want human rights being respected. Even young people could collaborate with all these association as volunteers. I think that another way to sensitize people about this themes is the education: it is necessary that schools and governments stimulate, promote and support the information about human rights.

 

Ex. 1 PAGE 144

A method could be applied in many fields: in any situation you have a problem. If you find the right method you could solve every type of problem. An example could be school tests or something doesn't work properly even when you are cooking you have to apply a method ( the recipe).

 

Ex.2 PAGE 144
1) and
2) be
3) which
4) which
5) be
6) like
7)
8) from

 

Ex. 3 PAGE 144
1) There are three kinds of approaches to the study of phenomena. The first is the deductive method, the second is the experimental method and the third is the classification method.
2) The scientific method is the study of the physical world by sensory observation and experiment, by mathematical measurement and inductive reasoning.

3) The experimental method goes further than the scientific method because it moves from the particular to the universal. It consist in making a hypothesis and testing it by observation or experiments.

Ex.4 PAGE 144
1) The members of the Royal Society challenged the dependence of the old philosophy on written authorities.
2) The typical traits of the English character began to emerge were : a materialistic and practical mind, tolerance, reasonableness and common sense.

 

Ex. 6 PAGE 145

When we talk about 'experimental science' we mean the kind of science that is the result of the 'scientific revolution'. The main features are the different method used in solving problems and the new ideas about universe and natural phenomena. The first and most important exponent of this revolution was Isaac Newton.

 

Ex. 8 PAGE145
1-E
2-G
3-A
4-B
5-F
6-C

 

Ex.1 PAGE 145
4,2,3,1