On The Contest
Exercise 1 page 26
1. What span of time the text covers:
It covers the historical period between the 22thAugust 1665, to the 31stDecember 1665, a span of time characterized by some of the dreadful events of that period such as the plague and the “Great Fire”.
2. When the plague was particularly severe:
It was particularly severe in summer.
3. When the plague diminished:
It diminished on winter.
4. Wheatear the writer was afraid of the plague for himself or for his family? He’s got himself greater interest.
5. What his attitude is towards other people: He is cynic and egoist.

Exercise 1 page 27
1. Where and when the fire started:
It started on the 2nd September 1666.
2. What factors favorited the spread of the fire:
The presence of wood that was used to build public halls, Exchange, hospitals, ornaments and fields.
3. How people reacted:
People was astonished from the beginning, they hardly stirred to quench the fire.
4. To what extent the writer’s emotions and feelings are revealed:
His emotions and feelings are revealed by the features of the language that are present in the description, for example personifications and adjectives which convey emotions, emphatic language, exclamations and similes.

Exercise 1 page 28
1. Britain was at an advantage over other European countries in colonising the New World. TRUE
2. The Renaissance gave new strength to the Catholic Church. FALSE
3. The Renaissance looked back to Greek and Roman cultures. TRUE
4. The Reformation was a religious movement against corruption within the Church. TRUE
5. Protestantism and Calvinism are two names of the same doctrine. FALSE
6. The English Puritans, the Scots Presbyterians and the French Huguenots were Calvinist. TRUE
7. The aim of the Counter-Reformation was to spread religious tolerance. FALSE
8. The Jesuits and the Inquisition were against the corruption of the Church. FALSE
9. The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation caused religious conflicts in several European countries. TRUE

Exercise 2 page 29
1. Reign
2. Rose
3. Stability
4. England
5. Supremacy
6. Catholicism
7. Abolished
8. Confiscated
9. Refused
10. Death
11. Restore
12. Persecuted
13. Catholics
14. Caution
15. Passed
16. People
17. Enclosure
18. Powerful
19. Defeated
20. Founded

Exercise 3 page 29
1. Scotland
2. England
3. Monarch
4. Royals
5. Chatolics
6. Believed
7. Kings
8. Taxes
9. Society
10. Civil
11. Puritan
12. Royal
13. Aristocracy
14. Middle classes
15. Army
16. Parliament
17. Common law
18. Death
19. Throne
20. Plague
21. Impose
22. Deposed

On the Performer
Exercise 2 page 78
1. The role of the Parliament: it wasn’t very important because the king summoned Parliament only to ask for money.
2. The religious issue: Catholics were barred from public life and were fined if they refused to attend the Church of England. Hundreds of them applied for a government patent to colonise New England.
3. James I’s financial problems: the king summoned Parliament only to ask for money, but its members refused to levy any taxes unless the money was needed for war.
4. The king’s interests: He was interested in Humanism.
5. The Pilgrim Fathers: they were some Puritans that applied for a government patent to colonise new England.
6. The plot to blow up the House of Parliament: It was a plot organised by some radical Catholics in 1605, but it failed.
Exercise 2 page 80
1. Who was Guy Fawkes? He was a catholic volunteer who had been fighting in the Low Countries; he was the man selected to prepare the gunpowder.
2. What did he and his friends organised? They organise a plot to blow up the king in the Houses of Parliament.
3. How did the plot end? On the 5th November soldiers discovered one of the Catholic plotters; he was taken to the Tower of London where he was tortured and questioned about the other plotters. This is why the plot failed.
4. What was the real reason behind the plot? At the end of 16th century England’s remaining Catholics faced increasing levels of persecution, and they were fed up about this.

Exercise 1 page 130
D-A-B-C
Exercise 2 page 130
1. Who became king when James I died? Charles I became the king of England.
2. What did Charles have to face when he became king? He could not avoid a direct confrontation with the puritan party.
3. Who were the puritans? The puritans were extreme protestants that wanted to eliminate every Catholic’s influence on English Church.
4. Why did the civil war break out? Because the king didn’t give up his command.
5. What factions were involved in the war? There were Royalists, that supported the king, and Parliamentarians, which sided with the parliament.
6. How did the war end? Cromwell took control of London and the king was executed; the country became a republic and it was named Commonwealth.
Exercise 5 page 131
1. Turned
2. As
3. Gave
4. Appointed
5. Few
6. Had
7. Failed
8. In spite
Page 141 exercise 2
1. To information and education
2. To human dignity
3. To equality before the law and to equal rights
4. To freedom of religion, conscience and opinion
5. To human dignity
6. To freedom of movement, to career and job freedom

Page 141 exercise 3
The state can’t abrogate human rights or violates them. They are the basic rights and freedoms (equality, freedom of religion, the right to human dignity, equality before the law, freedom of expression and personality, right to information and education) that belong to every person in the world.

Exercise 4 page 142
Magna Carta - liberty
Hobbes’s Leviathan - respect among person
Locke - equality

Exercises 6-7 page 142
In Italy our state doesn’t abrogate human rights, that are respected by all the people. But in other countries of the World there are different situations: this is why human rights organizations denounce the problem of the human rights that aren’t denied in every place of the World.

Exercise 1 page 143
I think the most important human rights are:
1. The first one: “We are all born free and equal. We all have our own thoughts and ideas. We should all be treated in the same way.”
2. The third one: “We all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and safety.”

Exercise 1 page 144
You can apply a method in different in every field that follows a procedure, for example fields like the scientific ones and also humanistic ones.

Exercise 2 page 144

1. And
2. be
3. it
4. that
5. been
6. by
7. Up

Exercise 3 page 144
There are three types of approaches to the study of phenomena:
1. the deductive method
2. the experimental method
3. the method of classification.

Exercise 6 page 145
The experimental science, an empirical type of knowledge, is characterized by two elements: the subject of study and the method used to study.

Exercise 8 page 145
1. E
2. G
3. C
4. B
5. F
6. D