TASK 1

Activities

Complete the following notes. They will give you an outline of the information contained in the passage. The main points, relations of cause-effect, illustrations etc. are clearly indicated in the text by logical connectors. Look out for them. 

• (par. 1) The Industrial Revolution led to growth of two systems of thought:

1) Economic science                      2) Socialism

 • (par. 2-3) Facts of Industrial Revolution. 

• (par. 4) Decrease in rural population.

causes:     1)  the destruction of the common-field system of cultivation

     2)   the enclosure, on a large scala, of common and waste lands

     3)   the consolidation of small farms into large ones

• (par. 5) Agricultural advance.

cause — more scientific approach:

e.g.  

• (par. 6-7) Growth of industry.

causes;

1) mechanical inventions in textile industry

e.g.  

most important:

2) mechanical revolution in iron industry

e.g.  

3) improved means of communication

e.g.  

results:   1)  increase of commerce

     2) substitution of factory system for domestic system.

• (par. 8) Revolution in distribution of wealth:

rise in rents caused by

social changes in country life:

• (par. 9) Social changes in manufacturing world: change in the balance of political power and in the relative position of classes

consequences:

 1)  their character completely changed

2)  become a distinct class

3) class conflict.

• (par. 10) Misery of working people often caused by:

TASK 2

a)      By utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage or happiness, or to prevent the happening of pain, evil or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered.

b)      It is based on the principle is that if the party considered is the community in general than it prevents the happiness of the community, but if the party considered is a particular individual it prevents the individual’s happiness.

c)       A measure of government may be said to be conformable to or dictated by the principle of utility when the tendency which it has to augment the happiness of the community is greater than any which it has to diminish it.

TASK 3

Sedentary agriculture introduced 1200 years ago

The population has grown

Food is essential: provides energy

Argues that the planets population would always persist

More foods means more births and more lives

Positive checks: he believed that social welfare and food redistribution to the poor would unravel in the long run

Malthus’ theory on population has been acknowledged as the most influential work of its era