The modern age:  1980-1930

• Victorian doubts and fears were confirmed
• There was an atmosphere of tensionà1914 the First World War
•  The War caused      àvalues' crisis

àcrisis of self-confidence

à economy's crisis à unemploymentàpolicy  called Welfare State

• The communist manifesto of 1848

• Change in literature  àdidactic form

àentertainment

àno omniscient narrator

à the story is self-told

àfreedom of the reader

àshift of the point of view

àinterior monologue

àstream of consciousness

àno moral narrator's  judgments