Arnold Toynbee wrote a book in 1884, the title of which is "The Chief Feautures of the Industrian Revolution". In his opinion, the essence of the Industrian Revolution is the substitution of the competition for the medieval regulations which had previously controlled the production and distribuction of wealth. The competion is a form of trade thanks to which prices depended on a relationship between offers and demands. The Industrian Revolution was a historical process that took place in England during the 18th century and its effects and consequences  influenced the story of all world. Two great systems of thoughts were born: Economic science (also called liberalism) and its antithesis, Socialism. In this period four great economists have written four relevant books that are considered the four chief landmarks of the revolution.  Adam Smith wrote "Wealth of Nation" in 1776 to investigate the causes of wealth; Malthus's "Essay on Population" explained the causes of poverty;  Ricardo studied the laws of distribution of wealth in "Principles of political Economy and Taxation" and John Mill's "Principles of Political Economy" investigated how wealth ought to be distributed.  People's conditions of life improved because there was more food, the sanitary system was progressing and the births were increasing: the result was the growth of population. Another important revolution was going on in this period: the agricultural revolution. Its three most effective causes were:  the destruction of the common-field system of cultivation; the enclosures of common and waste lands; the consolidations of small farms into large (agricultural societies were instituted). A new system of cultivation was invented: the rotation of crops permitted a growth of production. In addition, some fields from arable lands became pastures useful for the raising sheep: thanks to the power-loom and other manufactures cotton's prodution was increasing. There was the substitution of scientific for unscientific culture: this is the period of new machieneries's invention like the water-frame, the spinning-jenny, Crompton's mule and the self- acting mule. Since the number of factories was decreasing,people needed fewer machineries and  you could save lot of money. Passing to manufacturies, there was the substitution of the factory for the domestic system: it also means that people's mentality passed from an  independent (people produced what they needed to have) to a dipendent (people must buy everything) system. Another relevant invention was the steam-engine  that was applied to factories and to the cotton manufacture. As a matter of fact, there was the expansion of trade and commerce: the canal system developed throughout the country, thousand additional miles of turnpike road were construed and at the beginning of the 19th century the first railroad was opened. Wealth was distributed differently: the new class of capitalist became rich in a short period and they dind't know how to spent their money, the medium class of merchants had lot of money but working people had to fight against misery . They joined themself in Trade-Unions and in other associations to fight for their rights. The consequences were  that the old relations between masters and men disappeared and "cash nexus" was substitued for human tie.