•  (par. 1) The essence of the Industrial Revolution

The essence of the Industrial Revolution is the substitution of competition for the medieval regulations which has previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth.

It led to the growth of two systems of thought:

 

1) Economic science                      2) Socialism

 

a)    Adam  Smith

b)    Mathus

c)    Ricardo

d)     John Stuart Mill

 

 

 • (par. 2-3) Facts of Industrial Revolution. 

1)    Greater  rapiditly  which  marks the growth  of  population

2)    The relative and  positive  decline in the agricultural  population

 

 

• (par. 4) Decrease in rural population.

causes:     1)  the destruction of the common-field system of cultivation

2)  the enclosure on a large scale of common and waste lands

     3)   the consolidation of small farms into large

• (par. 5) Agricultural advance.

cause - more scientific approach:

e.g.  

The breed of cattle

Rotation of crops

Steam-plough

agricultural societies

• (par. 6-7) Growth of industry.

causes;

1) mechanical inventions in textile industry

e.g.  

Spinning-jenny

Water frame

Crompton’s mule

Sealf-acting mule

most important:

steam engine

Power-loom

 

2) mechanical revolution in iron industry

e.g.  

Smealting by pit coal

Steam engine to blast furnaces

3) improved means of communication

e.g.  

Canals

roads

railroad

 

results:   1)  extraordinary increase in commerce

     2) substitution of factory system for domestic system.

 

• (par. 8) Revolution in distribution of wealth:

rise in rents caused by

1)enclosure system

2)consolidation of farms

3)enormuos rise in rents

4) high price of corn

social changes in country life:

• (par. 9) Social changes in manufacturing world: the farmers ceased to work and live with their labourer and became a distint class

consequences:

 1)  change in their habits

2)  alienation between farmer and labourer

3) class conflict.

• (par. 10) Misery of working people often caused by:

 

1)due to a fill in wages

2)rise of princes especially from the high price of bread

3)fluctuation of trade

 

Conclusion:

the effects of the Industrial Revolution prove that free competition  may produce wealth without producing well-being

 

 

short essay

The Chief Features of the Industrial Revolution was written by Arnold Toynbee in 1884.                                                                           In his opinion, the essence of the Industrial Revolution is the substitution of the competition for the medieval regulations which has previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth. The completion is an interplay between offers and demands.          This historical process took place in England during the 18^th century and developed in all the world. The two main system of thoughts were: Economic science and its antithesis, Socialism.                   In this period four economists are considered the four chief landmarks of the revolution: Adam Smith, who wrote Wealth of Nation, Malthus’s Essay on Population, Ricardo studied the laws of distribution of wealth in Principles of political Economy and Taxation and John Mill’s Principles of Political Economy.                              The two main facts of this process in this period were: the greater  rapidity  which  marks the growth  of  population and the relative and  positive  decline in the agricultural  population.                     In the last fact there were three most effective causes: the destruction of the common-field system of cultivation; the enclosures of common and waste lands; the consolidations of small farms into large. The system of cultivation changed: the rotation of crops permitted a growth of production and some fields from arable lands became pastures useful for the raising sheep: thanks to the power-loom and other manufactures Cotton's production was increasing. Another important fact was the invention of new machineries like the water-frame, the spinning-jenny, Crompton's mule and the self- acting mule. But the invention more relevant was the steam-engine, that was applied to factories and to the cotton manufacture.                                                                  The was also the expansion of trade and commerce: the canal system developed throughout the country, thousand additional miles of turnpike road were construed and at the beginning of the 19th century the first railroad was opened.                                  But these social changes in manufacturing world: the farmers ceased to work and live with their labourer and became a distinct class.                                                                                                                                                                                           The effects of the Industrial Revolution prove that free competition  may produce wealth without producing well-being