Activities

Complete the following notes. They will give you an outline of the information contained in the passage. The main points, relations of cause-effect, illustrations etc. are clearly indicated in the text by logical connectors. Look out for them. 

•  (par. 1) The Industrial Revolution with the replacement of medieval regulation which had previously handled the wealth led to growth of two systems of thought:

1) Economic science                      2) Socialism

 • (par. 2-3) Facts of Industrial Revolution. 

• (par. 4) Decrease in rural population.

causes:     1)  the destruction of the common-field system of cultivation.

     2)   the enclosure, on a large scale, of common and waste lands.

     3)    the consolidation of small farms into large onces

• (par. 5) Agricultural advance.

cause — more scientific approach:

e.g.  

• (par. 6-7) Growth of industry.

causes;

1) mechanical inventions in textile industry

e.g.  

most important:

2) mechanical revolution in iron industry

e.g.  

3) improved means of communication

e.g.  

results:   1)  extraordinary increase in commerce with the regular recurrence of periods of over-production and of depression,

     2) substitution of factory system for domestic system.

• (par. 8) Revolution in distribution of wealth:

rise in rents caused by

social changes in country life:

• (par. 9) Social changes in manufacturing world: the farmers shared in the prosperity of the landlords; for many of them held their   farms under beneficial leases, and made large profits by them.

consequences:

 1)  there weren’t a relationship between  masters and workmen

2)  the farmers rebelled to their conditions of submission

3) class conflict was born

• (par. 10) Misery of working people often caused by:

Conclusion: the Industrial Revolution brought great changes and important innovations in the field of factories but the wealth does not always mean being.

 ESSAY:

 In this text Arnold Toynbee explains the period of the Industrial revolution. He writes about the effects and the consequences of the different facts of this period.

This is the period of great development and also a time of misery for the class of farmers.

The author divides the text into different paragraph; in these ones he tells us the most important facts of the Industrial Revolution. In the first paragraph there is a description of the place and the time in which the revolution takes place; in this he takes the reader into the theme.

In the period of Industrial Revolution the economy science and the socialism lead to growth of two systems of thought.

The Industrial Revolution brought a major change in the way to work, manage wages and production. Four great economists have written treatises on this revolution with the positive and negative aspects that this has brought.

The Industrial Revolution is marked by two major events: the rapid growth of population and the decrease of rural population, the latter caused by the destruction of the common-field system of cultivation, by the enclosure and finally by the consolidation of small farms into large onces. Then the population began to move from the country to the cities where there was more likely to find work in the factories.

The city became very crowded and there was the phenomenon of urbanization. During the industrial revolution there were also applied innovations in the field of agriculture as the improvement breed of cattle, the rotation of crops, the invention of steam-plough and the birth of agricultural societies. For the textile industry were invented: the spinning-jenny, the water-frame, the mule and the self-acting mule, but the most important discoveries were the steam engine and the power-loom. At that time were improved means of communication such as the canal system, turnpike road and the railroad. In the iron industry there were: the invention of smelting by pit-coal and the application of steam-engine to blast furnaces. The results obtained were the increase in trade and the substitution of factory system for domestic system. The industrial revolution has also had negative effects on the population; misery of working people often caused by: the rise of prices, low wages and by condition of workers in factories. To remember that the rise in rents was caused by the money invested in improvements, the effect of the enclosure, the consolidation of farms and high price of corn. The Industrial Revolution also brought disadvantages in society such as: there weren’t a relationship between masters and workmen, the farmers rebelled to their conditions of submission and the class conflict was born. The Industrial Revolution brought great changes and important innovations in the field of factories but the wealth doesn’t always mean well- being.