Activities

 

Complete the following notes. They will give you an outline of the information contained in the passage. The main points, relations of cause-effect, illustrations etc. are clearly indicated in the text by logical connectors. Look out for them. 

 

•  (par. 1) The Industrial Revolution ..........................................................................................................................................................................................……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….

led to growth of two systems of thought:

 

1) Economic science                      2)Socialism 

 

a) Adam Smith

b) Malthus

c) Ricardo

d) John Stuart Mill

 

 

 • (par. 2-3) Facts of Industrial Revolution. 

1) Greater rapidity of the growth of population

2) Negative variation of agricultural population

 

 

• (par. 4) Decrease in rural population.

causes:     1)  Obliteration of the common-field

     2)   Introduction of the enclosures in large scales

     3)   Small farms were implemented in Large farms.

• (par. 5) Agricultural advance.

cause — more scientific approach:

e.g.  

Improvement of breeds of cattle

Rotations of crops

Invention of the steam-plough

agricultural societies

• (par. 6-7) Growth of industry.

causes;

1) mechanical inventions in textile industry

e.g.  

Invention of the spinning-Jenny

Invention of the water frame

Introduction of the Crompton’s mule

Introduction of the self-acting mule

most important:

steam engine

Cotton-mill engine by Watt and Boulton

 

2) mechanical revolution in iron industry

e.g.  

Smelting by pit-coals

Steam engine applied to the furnaces

3) improved means of communication

e.g.  

Canal systems

Roads

railroad

 

results:   1) those changes altered the workers’ state from independent to dependent

     2) substitution of factory system for domestic system.

 

• (par. 8) Revolution in distribution of wealth:

rise in rents caused by

1) investment of money in various improvements of the time

2) enclosure system

3) implement of small farms into large farms

4) high price of corn

social changes in country life:

• (par. 9) Social changes in manufacturing world: The manufacturers ceased to work and became a social class by its own.

consequences:

 1)  More money that brought a variation of lifestyle.

2)  The new capitalists stopped working with their co-workers and ended up unknowing who worked for them.

3) Class conflict.

• (par. 10) Misery of working people often caused by:

 

1) lower salary

2) working conditions

3) raise of prices -cereals, goods-

 

Conclusion: In this extract the author expresses his thought about the whole situation described by himself by saying that that was a perfect case in which improvement of wealth doesn’t really mean improvement of well-being.