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Complete the following notes. They will give you an outline of the information contained in the passage. The main points, relations of cause-effect, illustrations etc. are clearly indicated in the text by logical connectors. Look out for them.
• (par. 1) The Industrial Revolution signals the passage from an agrarian and maritime work to the new kind of job into the factories during the 19th-century.
It led to growth of two systems of thought:
1) Economic science
2)Socialism
a)Adam Smith |
b)Malthus |
c)Ricardo |
d) John Stuart Mill |
• (par. 2-3) Facts of Industrial Revolution.
1)The growth of population |
2)The relative and positeve decline in the agricultural population |
• (par. 4) Decrease in rural population.
causes:
1) The destruction of the common-field system of cultivation
2) The enclosure of common and waste lands
3) The consolidation of small farms into large
• (par. 5) Agricultural advance.
cause - more scientific approach:
e.g.
The breed of cattle was improved |
Rotation of crops was introduced |
The steam-plough was invented |
Agricultural societies were istitued |
• (par. 6-7) Growth of industry.
causes;
1) mechanical inventions in textile industry
e.g.
The spinning-jenny |
The water-frame |
Crompton's mule |
The self-acting mule |
most important:
Steam engine |
Power-loom |
2) mechanical revolution in iron industry
The invention of smelting by pit-coal |
The application of the steam-engine to blast furnaces |
e.g.
3) improved means of communication
e.g.
Canal system |
Turnpike road |
Railroad |
results:
1) Extraordinary encrease in commerce
2) substitution of factory system for domestic system.
• (par. 8) Revolution in distribution of wealth:
rise in rents caused by
1)The rise in rents |
2)Enclosure system |
3)Farm's consolidation |
4) high price of corn |
social changes in country life:
• (par. 9) Social changes in manufacturing world: the new class of great capitalist employers made enormous fortunes, they took little or no part personally in the work of their factories, their hundreds of workmen were individually unknown to them.
consequences:
1) The old relations between masters and men disappeared
2) A "cash nexus" was substituted for the human tie.
3) Class conflict.
• (par. 10) Misery of working people often caused by:
1)The conditions of labour under the factory system |
2)The rise of price |
3)The fluctuations of trade |
Conclusion: The effects of the Industrial Revolution prove that free competition may produce wealth without producing weel-being.
The Industrial Revolution. Analysis of The Chief Features of the Industrial Revolution
Arnold Toynbee's essay deals with The Chief Features of the Industrial Revolution . He defines the Revolution as historical process. The Industrial Revolution signals the passage from an agrarian and maritime work to the new kind of job into the factories during the 19th-century.
It led to growth of two systems of thought: Economic Science and Socialism, two completely different social phenomenas. In this context we can identify four important Economists: Adam Smith, Malthus, Ricardo and John Stuart Mill. In the third paragraph the writer describes the facts of the Industrial Revolution as the growth of population and the relative and positive decline in the agricultural. Moreover, in the pharagraph four, the writer points out that the rural population decrease was caused by the destruction of common-field system of cultivation, the enclosure of common and waste lands and the consolidation of small farms into large. Furthermore , there were some positive changes in the agricultural world: the breed of cattle was improved, rotation of crops was generally introduced, the steam-plough was inveted and agricultural societies were istituted. We had a change not only in agricultural world. There were four inventions in textile industry: the spinning-jenny, the water-frame, the Crompton's mule and the self-acting mule. But there were also two very important inventions: James Watt's steam-engine and Cartwright's power-loom. Even in iron industry we had some mechanical revolutions: the invention of smelting by pit-coal and by the application of the steam-engine to blast furnaces. There was an extraordinary encrease in commerce and a substitution of factory system for domestic system caused by the developement of the canal system, the construction of turnpike road and the opening of the first railroad. In the last paragraphs he looks at the revolution effects in the distribution of wealth and at the social changes they caused; he notices that the rise in rents , caused by money invested in improvements, enclosure system, farm's consolidation and high price of corn, leads many farmers to held their farms under beneficial leases which made them able to make large profits. For these reasons working people lived in misery, often caused by the conditions of labour, the rise of prices and the trade fluctuation.