Complete the following notes. They will give you an outline of the information contained in the passage. The main points,relations of cause-effect,illustrationsetc. are clearly indicated in the text by logical connectors. Look out for them.

•(par. 1) The essence of theIndustrial Revolution
"The essence of the Industrial Revolution is the substitution of competition for the mediaeval regulations which had previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth."

1) Economic science

a) Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776)
b) Malthus' Essay on Population (1798)
c) Ricardo's Principles on political economy and taxation (1817)
d) John Stuart Mill's Principles of political economy (1848)

• (par. 2-3) Facts of Industrial Revolution.
1) growth of population
2) decrease of rural population

• (par. 4) Decrease in rural population.
causes:1)the destruction of the common-field system of coltivation
2) the enclosure, on a large scale, of common and waste lands
3) the consolidation of small farms into large
• (par. 5) Agricultural advance.
cause - more scientific approach:
e.g.
the breed of cattle
rotation of crops
the steam-plough
agricultural societies

• (par. 6-7) Growth of industry.
Causes;

the spinning-jenny
The water-frame
Crompton's mule
the self-acting mule
Power-loom
Steam-engine

1) mechanical inventions in textile industry
e.g.
self-acting mule
water-frame
spinning jenny

most important:
steam engine
power-loom

2) mechanical revolution in iron industry
e.g.
the invention of smelting by pit-coal
application of the steam engine to blast furnaces
3) improved means of communication
e.g.
canal system
roads
railroad

Results:1) explansion of trade
2) substitution of factory system for domestic system

2) substitution of factory system for domestic system.

• (par. 8) Revolution in distribution of wealth:
rise in rents caused by
1) rental of land
2) enclosure system
3) consolidation of farms
4) high price of corn
social changes in country life: the life conditions was very poor and not hygienic
• (par. 9) Social changes in manufacturing world: the new class of great capitalist employers made enormous fortunes; they took little or no part personally in the work of their factories; their hundreds of workmen were individually unknown to them.
consequences:
1) disappearance of the relations between masters and men
2) substitution of a "cash-nexus" for the human tie
3) class conflict.
• (par. 10) Misery of working people often caused by:

1) fall in wages
2) rise of prices
3) sudden fluctuations of trade

Conclusion: the industrial revolution rappresented the deep change of europe about commerce, society, agriculture, trasport. It is the fundamental issue to creation of modern nation.

The analisy of text

With the title, the writer wants to persuade the reader to analyse the industrial revolution's principal features.
In the first paraghraph, the writer descrives the industrial revolution as "the essence of industrial revolution is the substitution of competition for the medieval regulations which had previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth".
In the second paraghraph, the writer specks about the text that analyed the industrial revolution, for example:
-Adam Smith"wealth of nations"(1776), in which he ingastigated about the causes of wealth;
- Malthus"essay of population"(1798), in which he investigated about poverty;
-Ricardo"principles of political economy and taxation", that was about the laws which regulate the distribution of wealth;
-John Stuart Mill"principles of political economy", that was about how the wealth should be distributed.
In another paraghraph, Toynbee specks about changes caused by industrial revolution, the mutation of society, agriculture, commerce, and science. He gives some dates and percentages to convince the reader of this. Toynbee descrives the growth of population, people live longer, and the farmers's migration from campaign to big city to work in a factory, and he explanes the causes of this migration: enclosure of common lands, then the destruction of the common-field system.
In conclusion, Toynbee concludes that the industrial revolution radically changed the U.K and all europe and it influenced mores of nations(food, life-style,etc). The industrial revolution was the beginnig of modern society and capitalism.