How The Reader React To Pathos And Grotesque?
Pathos and grotesque → typical features of Victorian novel. Pathos è immediato (feeling pity for his childeren for instance). Se appartengo alla middle class vittoriana leggo un romanzo in cui c'è una vicenda che mi evoca qualcosa: empatia, pena per i bambini in quelle condizioni, ma comunque i lettori si sentono superiori, non così cattivi come i soggetti descritti → grottesco. Romanzi connessi alle dure condizioni dell'uomo, with inferior people such as children. The reader is not free, novels are telling and not showing most of times (even if it could not be only told or only showed). Col telling c'è meno probabilità di farsi un'idea propria. Use of metaphorical language that support the idea more than telling it.
Pathos trys to include the reader, grotesque iperbolic use of language--> climatic effect, and the exageration is a mean to create a film/screen to critic the middle class and their believes (middle class was also afraid to fall down on social level).
Christianity is the common aspect between Victorian Age and middle class (middle class believes in God's blessed). The novelist is a capitalist of imagination, able to create and image of world different from reality. It could become a cage. Filter: allows the reader to feel superior from characters in novel. Character produce a filter, because both pathos and grotesque imply the reader's superiority. Woman, children and animals were inferior, because Maria in Bible was only a mean to make Jesus born (for  God's wish).
1. Il cristianesimo da speranza ai credenti
2. Principio del “se ti do uno schiaffo tu porgi l'altra guancia” → patetico poiché distante da ciò che un uomo realmente farebbe, contro natura
Victorian novel is the mirror of society. The city is the priviledge setting, where you can use forms of alienation. Need in the readers to reed.

Oliver Twist
The narrator introduces the character. Non è un immagine definita. Pain, think, small → adjectives and adverbs are frequently used.