I am going to analyze an extract from Arnold Toynbee's The Industrial Revolution, written in 1884: The Chief Features of the Industrial Revolution. I am going to consider its structural elements and use of the  the language.

        In his argumentative essay A. Toynbee discusses how the Industrial Revolution secured the production of wealth without necessarily producing well being.

To begin with the title clearly explains the purpose of the essay: to provide information about the main aspects of the process in time.

The text is organized into ten paragraphs, each one playing a definite function  function and  introduced by a particular linker so that the reader can easily follow the essayist thread of thought.

After the definition of the Industrial Revolution seen as as a radical historical process, the essayist identifies its essence in the changed system of production and distribution of wealth. Later he resorts to an explanatory function to report the existence of two differento perspectives on the same process: the two opposing systems of thought referring to the revolution are Ecomonic Science and Socialism. He supports his reference  to the studies of important economists with quotations from their works that can be considered landmarks.

From the second to the ninth paragraph he deals with the facts of the Industrial Revolution and gives evidence to them  them with both  quantitative and qualitative data.

The essayist explains the growth of population and the decline its agricultural branch by figures and data and detects its causes in the destruction of the common-field, the enclosure of lands and the consolidation of large farms also providing Laurence's and Cobbett's data interpretation.

Immediately afterwards he analyzes agricultural advance as the result of a scientific approach to cultivation.

In paragraphs six and seven he takes the growth of industry into consideration. He provides information about those significant mechanical discoveries in textile industry like the spinning-jenny, the water-frame, Crompton's mule, the self-acting mule, the steam engine and the power-loom and the mechanical revolution in iron industry. He clarifies his thought with reference to smelting by pit-coal and application of the steam-engine to blast furnaces.  In addition, he stresses the expansion of trade and the dawning of the factory system due the improvement  in means of communication: the canal system, turnpike roads and the railroad.

In paragraph eight the essayist also takes into account the revolution in the distribution of wealth considering both economic perspectives like the rise in rents and social changes in country life

 In paragraph nine he focuses the reader's attention on social changes in the manufacturing world  as the change in the balance of political power and  the position of classe with the idea of supporting  the idea of sthe existing social gap between farmers and labourers.

Finally he illustrates the revolution's social aspects stressing the causes of the working people's misery: fall in wages, rise of bread prices and fluctuation of trade.

In the end the argumentation is complete, fluent and clear thanks to the use  concrete and specific language and the thesis is posed is exhaustive.