From "The Chief Features of the Industrial Revolution"
Chief: (adj.) the most important; (noun) head (e.g. the head of a tribe)
Relationship: relazioni tra le persone
(To die of) starvation: (morire di) fame
Poem: componimento poetico
Poetry: genere letterario; tutta la produzione di un poeta
Essayist: person who wrote an essay
Novellist: person who wrote a novel
Law of demand and offer: a law of the market according to which the price of goods is established by two different and opposite forces: demand and offer
Deregulation
Advancement
Machinery: nome con cui si indicano tutti i tipi di macchinari
Canal: canale artificiale scavato dall'uome
Channel: canale naturale
Employee: dipendente
Employment: impiego
Unemployment: disoccupazione

From "T. S. Eliot's speech"
Question: problema (e.g. "To be, or not to be, that is the question")
A good command of something
The real reason: la vera ragione
Early: antichi
Refreshment: bevande; rivitalizzazione
Reinvigorated: si riferisce al corpo
People: persone
Peoples: popoli
Evidence: prova
Thread of a speech: il filo del discorso

From "European Central Bank's letter"
Sender: mittente
Addressee: destinatario
Salutation

Verbs

From "The Chief Features of the Industrial Revolution"
To owe: essere debitore
To pose (or to propose) a thesis, an idea, a possible choice (behaviour), a perspective a judgement
To make clear something: chiarire qualcosa
To quote: citare
To take form
To understand what the main features are
To be concerned with something: avere a che fare con qualcosa
To rely on something: avere a che fare con qualcosa
To deal with something: avere a che fare con qualcosa
To achieve something: ottenere qualcosa
To represent something
To signal (to highlight, to underline)
A poem is arranged (composed) by
To record something (e.g. a growth in population)
To provide with something
To single out something: individuare qualcosa
To draw a distinction (a conclusion): fare una distinzione (una conclusione)
To focus (to draw) the attention: concentrare l'attenzione
To advance: avanzare
To support an idea: supportare un'idea
To range from... to...: spaziare da...a...
To employ: impiegare

From "T. S. Eliot's speech"
To broadcast: trasmettere
To claim something: sostenere qualcosa
To be careful in something: fare attenzione a qualcosa
To maintain
To be made up of something (composed by, arranged into): essere fatto da qualcosa
To think of something: pensare qualcosa di preciso
To think about something: pensare a qualcosa in generale
To take the trouble to do something
To praise: apprezzare
To follow the steps
To be due to something: essere dovuto a qualcosa
To depend on something: dipendere da qualcosa
To be the result of something: essere il risultato di qualcosa
To resort to
To have got (to show) a very rich rhythmic variety
To incorporate (to embody; to assimilate)
To be familiar with something: avere familiarità con qualcosa
To substantiate: dare sostanza
To draw a generalization: fare una generalizzazione
To take into account: prendere in considerazione

Connectors

Going on with the essay the essayist declares that
Later on
This book is about
First; to start with
I refer to (to give evidences)
I think; I do not mean; I simply said (to express opinions)
But; on the contrary; viceversa

Other Words

He (they) who: colui (coloro) che
The reason for + gerund: spiegare qualcosa
Must + present perfect: supposizione al passato
As + verbo; comparativo di uguaglianza
Like + nome
Namely: esattamente
As far as (for what concerns): per quanto riguarda