This text is an extract from "The Industrial Revolution" (1884) by Arnold Toynbee.
The text consists of an introduction part, a developing part, divided into ten paragraphs and a conclusion drown.
The introduction part presents what the reader is going to read.
In the first paragraph Arnold Toynbee states the concept of Industrial Revolution and supports it with the texts of the most popular economists in a chronological order. He uses Adam Smith, Malthus, Ricardo and John Stuart Mill to explain the economic science's birth, in opposite to the Socialism. There are some graphitic choices like the cursive font of the economist works' names. He uses some linkers like the first, a second/third/fourth stage to underline the chronological order of the argumentations. To add he concludes this paragraph with a quotation that sums up all the concepts explained before.
In the second paragraph Toynbee comes to the facts reporting some numbers to give truth to his writing.
In the third paragraph he states the facts of the Industrial Revolution such as the growth of population and the decline of agricultural population. To underline this facts, also in this narration, Toynbee gives us some numbers.
In the fourth paragraph the writer goes beyond the before statements. Infact in this part of the text he gives argumentation to the thesis expressed before. So, the causes of the decrease in rural population are the destruction of the common-fields system of cultivation, the enclosure and the consolidation of small farms into large.
In the fifth paragraph is expressed agricultural advanced that caused a more scientific approach. Also in this part there is a quotation that make the test more true.
The paragraphs six and seven are dedicated to the growth of industry. Toynbee divides the causes of this growth in three smaller parts. The first one is "mechanical inventions in textile industry", for example spinning jenny, water frame, self-acting mule, steam engine. The second one is "mechanical revolution in iron industry", for example smelting by nit-coal, blast furnaces. The last one is "improved means of communication" for example canals and railroads. In this paragraphs there are qualitative and quantitative argumentations and cause - effect relations.
The eighth paragraph consists of the explanation of the revolution in distribution of wealth and the causes of the rise in rents. These are, for example, enclosure system, consolidation of farms, high price of corn. These facts produced social changes in country life.
From the country life, in paragraph nine, Toynbee passes to analyse the social changes I manufacturing world that had as consequences class conflicts.
In the tenth paragraph he points out the causes of the misery of working people.
Toynbee concludes this text referring that the Industrial Revolution produced wealth without well-being.