The text is organised into 8 paragraphs , each with its own aim.

The first paragraph covers three lines. The writer introduces his essay and he focuses the reader’s attention on what

he is going to talk about  making a short introduction. 

His essay concerns the Industrial Revolution, an historical event that brought radical changes in England and

in the western world.

The second paragraph goes from line 4 to line 31. 

It starts with a clear definition of the historical event, furthermore the writer  adds an evaluative

part in which he underlines the importance of the Industrial Revolution for the development of two system of thoughts:

Economic science and Socialism.

Toynbee reports some quotations from the most famous English Economists

(Adam Smith, Malthus, Ricardo,John stuart Mill) in order to follow step by step

Industial Revolution’s process and its social, political and cultural background.

The third paragraph goes from line 32 to line 39.

ToyNbee introduces one of the facts that  characterize Industrial Revolution :

the growth of population.  In these seven lines the writer inserts data in order to better explain his concepts. 

The fourth paragraph introduces the agrarian revolution.

The writer makes a question (“what were the agricultural changes which led to this decrease in the rural population?”)

in order to focus the reader’s attention on what he is going to write.

He describes the three most important causes of agrarian revolution ; the destruction of the common-field system

of cultivation, the enclusure and the consolidation af small farms into large.

 ToyNbee inserts a quotation from Cobbett io order to  make believable his statements.

The fifth paragraph goes from line 58 to line 95. ToyNbee starts to speak about the substitution

of scientific for unscientific culture adding a quotation from Laurence

in order to focuse the reader’s attention on the improvement from an agricultural point of view.

The writer makes a list of the innovation that characterize this period:

the steam-plough was invented, agricultural societies were instituted, the spinning-jenny, the water-frame,

Crompton’s mule and the self-acting mule.

In the last lines is described the condition of workman in the industries.

In the sixth paragraph the writer explains the progress in the canal system.

It was due to the necessity of connections and communication;

the most important means of communication were the Grans Trunk Canal,Grand Junction canal

and other road connecting big cities like Bristol and Oxford.

As a consequence of this development the commerce increases.  

The seventh paragraph goes from line 112 to line 125.

It talks about rise in rents.The writer gives a lot of informations and data .

He explains the fact clearly and with lot of accuracy underlining the possible causes :

the enclosure system, the consolidation of farmsa and the high price of corns.

The last paragraph goes from line 126 to the end of the essay.

The aim of these lines is to give an opinion and make a conclusion.

 Toynbee analysis the condistions of land lords and the realation between  master and worker.

Finally the writer ends his essay underlining that free competiotion may produce wealth wIthout producing well- being.