Activities

 

Complete the following notes. They will give you an outline of the information contained in the passage. The main points, relations of cause-effect, illustrations etc. are clearly indicated in the text by logical connectors. Look out for them.

 

•(par. 1) The Industrial Revolution is the substitution of competition for the mediaeval regulations which had previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth

led to growth of two systems of thought:

 

1) Economic science 2) Socialism

 

a) Adam Smith “Wealth of Nations” 1776

b) Malthus “Essay on Population” 1798

c) Ricard “Principles of Political Economy and Taxation” 1817

d) John Stuart Mill “Principles of Political Economy” 1848

 

 

• (par. 2-3) Facts of Industrial Revolution.

1)Growth of population

2)Decline in the agricultural population

 

 

• (par. 4) Decrease in rural population.

Causes:

1)Destruction of the common-field system of cultivation

  2)The enclosures of common and vast lands

  3)Consolidation of small farms into large

• (par. 5) Agricultural advance.

cause — more scientific approach:

e.g.

Breed of cattle

Rotation of crops

Steam-plough

agricultural societies

• (par. 6-7) Growth of industry.

causes;

1) mechanical inventions in textile industry

e.g.

Spinning-jenny

Water-frame

Mule

Self-acting mule

most important:

steam engine

Cotton-mill

 

2) mechanical revolution in iron industry

e.g.

Smelting of pit-coal

Application of the steam engine

3) improved means of communication

e.g.

Canal system

Roads

railroad

 

Results: 1) Extraordinary increase in commerce

    2) Substitution of factory system for domestic system.

 

• (par. 8) Revolution in distribution of wealth:

rise in rents caused by

1)Money invested in improvements

2)Effect of the enclosures system

3)Consolidation of farms

4) high price of corn

social changes in country life:

• (par. 9) Social changes in manufacturing world: alienation between farmers and labours; the new class took little or no part personally in the work at their factories.

consequences:

1) The relationship between masters and man disappeared

2) A “cash nexus” was substituted for the human tie

3) class conflict.

• (par. 10) Misery of working people often caused by:

 

1) Conditions of labour under the factory system

2) Rise of prices

3) Sudden fluctuations of trade