1) Industrialisation has affected the urban population because it has led to:
a high and prolonged rate of growth of manufacture of goods and industrial products, and incomes per capita;
an increasing share of the total production due to the industrial sector, to the detriment of the agricultural sector;
the transformation of most of the working population in industrial workers, employed in factories, with the consequent reduction of agricultural workers and craftsmen;
the concentration of population near the industrial areas, usually large cities, and the spread of lifestyles and consumption linked to the rhythms and urban needs.
2) a) POPULATION: During the 18th century, there was a shifing of population from the agricultural and commercial areas of the south to the north and the midlands.
b) COAL FIELDS: In the north and the midlands, new factories were built near the coal fieds which provided them with fuel.
c) TOWNS: Small towns, the socalled "mushroom towns", were constructed to house the workers.
d) WOMEN AND CHILDREN: Women and children were increasingly employed because they could be paid less and were easier to control
e) WORKING HOURS: For the labourers the city environment meant long working.
f) LIVING CONDITIONS: For the labourers the city environment meant terrible living conditions.
g) PUBLIC SERVICES: Industrial cities lacked elementary public services.
h) AIR AND WATER: The air and water were polluted by smoke and filth.
i) HOUSES: The houses, buil in endless rows, were overcrowded.
j) LIFE EXPECTANCY: The life expectancy of the poor inhabitants of industrial cities was well below twenty years, due to incessant toil, disease and heavy drinking to bear the fatigue and alienation.

THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
BENEFICTS: life expectancy, welfare benefits, modernization of the rooms
DRAWBACKS: melting glaciers, overpopulation, smog