EXERCISES

Pag. 182-183

Exercise 1

1. The Agrarian Revolution: (2) Mechanical horse drawn reaper invented by Rev. Patrick Bell around 1828 in Scotland.

2. The Industrial Revolution: (3) Cotton factory in Preston, Lancashire, in 1830. Private Collection.

3. The French Revolution: (1) Eugene Delacroix, Liberty leading the people, 1830. Musèe du Louvre, Paris, France.

Exercise 4

1. Technologies (1-C)

2. Inventions (2-H)

3. Sources of power (3-E)

4. Steam engine (4-B)

5. Manufacture (5-F)

6. Waterways (6-G)

7. Enclosure (7-D)

8. Improvements (8-A)

Exercise 5

• Towards 1750, there was a great demands for goods that implied new technologies.

• The Industrial revolution implied new inventions in order to satisfy population.

• Technologies and inventions needed new sources of power.

• One of the most used sources of power discovered in 1775 was the steam engine.

• Manufacture become more cheaper and faster than before with the introduction of the steam engine.

• Transport was made more efficent and it implied new waterways to transport goods.

• Enclosure of open fields and common land was necessary to improve industrial and agrarian system.

• During the Agrarian Revolution improvements were introduced to increase productions.

Pag. 185

Exercise 2

1. Population: shifting of population;

2. Coal fields: factories were built near the coal fields;

3. Towns: small towns;

4. Women and children: Women and children were increasingly employed;

5. Working hours: long working hours;

6. Living conditions: terrible living conditions;

7. Public services: Industrial cities lacked elementary public services;

8. Air and water: air and water were polluted;

9. Houses: houses, built in endless rows, were overcrowded;

10. Life expectancy: The life expectancy of the poor inhabitants of industrial cities was well below twenty years.

Exercise 3

Child labour was a crucial ingredient which allowed Britain's Industrial Revolution to succeed. By the early 19^th century, England had more than a million child workers accounting for 15 per cent of the total labour force.

Early factory owners – located in the countryside so that they could exploit power from rivers – found that local labour was scarce and that those agricultural workers who were available were unsuitable for industrial production. They therefore decided to create a new work force composed of children, tailor-made for their factories.

Factory owners were looking for cheap, malleable and fast-learning work forces – and found them ready-made among the children of the urban workhouses. They weren't paid – simply fed and given dormitory accomodation. The exploitation of children massively increased as newly emerging factories began their operations in the late 18^th century.

The use of working-class children to provide much of the labour force for the Industrial Revolution was, however, merely an expansion and extension of an already long-established practice of working-class children employed by farmers and artisans.

Exercise 4

1. The Industrial Revolution had more than a million child workers accounting for 15 per cent of the total labour force.

2. They were chosen as a work force because factory owners were looking for cheap and fast-learning workers.

3. No, it wasn't. It was an expansion of an existing system employed by farmers and artisans.

Pag. 191

Exercise 1

Benefits: doubled life expectancy, social welfare benefits, people crossed the oceans to settle on less densely populated continents.

Drawbacks: Europeans mined fossil fuels, manufactured goods, levels of consumption, global phenomena.